Uruganda rwavuzweho umusarani wubutaka rugera nkigiciro kimwe cya FOB. Munsi yuwo mubare wicare ibigo birindwi bitandukanye - ibikoresho fatizo, kurasa, kugenzura ubuziranenge, gupakira, imizigo, ibikoresho, na margin. Buri umwe agenda yigenga, kandi buriwese araganira kurwego rutandukanye.
Abaguzi baganira ku giciro cyose batumva ibintu byumurongo haba bahembwa menshi kuri cote ya padi cyangwa bagasunika igiciro kumurongo aho uwatanze isoko amanura bucece.
1. Ibigo birindwi byigiciro muri buri magambo
Buri bikoresho by'isuku byavuzwe, kuva $ 25 byinjira - umusarani urwego kugeza ku kibaya cyabashushanyaga $ 90, cyubatswe muburyo bumwe. Ijanisha rihinduka hamwe nubunini bwibicuruzwa, ubushyuhe bwumuriro, nubunini bwa ordre, ariko ibigo ntabwo bihinduka.
| Ikiguzi | Icyo Itwikiriye | Igabana risanzwe rya FOB Igiciro |
|---|---|---|
| Ibikoresho bito | Kunyerera kumubiri (kaolin, feldspar, quartz), ibimera bya glaze, inyongera | 25–35% |
| Kurasa | Ingufu za kiln, ibikoresho byo mu itanura, kurasa umugabane wumurimo | 15–25% |
| Kugenzura ubuziranenge | Ibizamini byinjira, muri - kugenzura umurongo, ibizamini bya nyuma, gupakira ingero | 3–8% |
| Gupakira | Kohereza amakarito, gushyiramo ifuro, kurinda inguni, kugabana pallet | 8–12% |
| Imizigo | Ikamyo yo mu gihugu imbere ku cyambu (FOB ishingiro), umugabane wibikoresho byinkomoko | 3–8% |
| Igikoresho | Ibikoresho byashushanyije hamwe nibikoresho byo mu itanura byahinduwe hejuru yabyo | 2–8% |
| Margin | Abatanga inyungu no kugurisha hejuru | 8–20% |
Imirimo itaziguye n'uruganda hejuru ni ikiguzi nyacyo, ariko abatanga isoko benshi babikwirakwiza imbere yumuriro, ibikoresho fatizo, na QC aho kubisubiramo ukundi. Iyo usabye umurongo - gusenyuka, baza umurongo utwara umurimo - igisubizo kirakubwira uko cote yubatswe.
2. Ibikoresho bito: Igorofa munsi yigiciro cyose
Umubiri wubwiherero bwa chine vitreous ni kaolin, feldspar, hamwe na quartz ivanze, byasya kunyerera, bikajugunywa mubibumbano, hanyuma bikarasa. Igiciro cyibikoresho cyagenwe nubusobanuro, ntabwo byatewe nuwabitanze. Ibyemezo bibiri byihariye byimura uyu murongo cyane:
- Intego yo kwinjiza amazi.Umubiri wakozwe munsi ya 0,5% yo kwinjiza ukoresha kaolin yo hejuru - kugeza - igipimo cyuzuza no gusya neza kuruta umubiri kuri 1.5-3%. Uwitekavitreous china inzira yo gukoraingingo igenda inyura mu gutegura kunyerera, guta, no gukama - ibyiciro umubiri - icyemezo cyibintu gifunzwe.
- Ubunini bwa glaze.Ibikoresho bya glaze biri mubintu bihenze cyane kuburemere. 1.0mm ya glaze ikoresha hafi 30% yibikoresho bya glaze kuruta 0.7mm. Itandukaniro ntirigaragara mubyerekanwe kandi bigaragara cyane kumurongo wibikoresho.
Igorofa igoye kumubiri hamwe nibikoresho bya glaze kumurongo umwe - ni$8–12kurubu ibumba na feldspar ibiciro. Amagambo ayo ari yo yose munsi yi igorofa yuzuye - ingano imwe - igice kimwe kirimo gukoresha umubiri woroshye, urupapuro rwo hasi -, cyangwa urutonde ugomba kongera gusoma.
3. Kurasa: Umurongo w'ingufu
Imibiri yubutaka igera kuri vitrifasiya gusa mubushyuhe bwinshi. Umubiri wukuri wa vitreous china umubiri urasaImpamyabumenyi 1260–1300- imirongo myinshi yubushinwa ikoraImpamyabumenyi 1280hamwe niminota 45-90 shyira mumatara ya tunnel. Munsi ya dogere 1200 urabona igice cya - umubiri wa vitreous hamwe na 1-3% yo kwinjiza amazi, bisaba umuriro muke kandi bikananirana vuba muri serivisi.
Kurasa numurongo wa kabiri - umurongo munini kuko ingufu zihenze kandi itanura rikomeza:
- Amatanuraibicuruzwa byumuriro ubudahwema no kugarura ubushyuhe muri zone ikonje, ikwirakwiza ingufu zingufu nyinshi. Uwitekatunnel vs shitingi itanuraasobanura impamvu itanura ry'umusaruro uhoraho rifata inyungu ya -.
- Amatanuraumuriro mubice, ukonje rwose hagati yo kwiruka, kandi ukoreshe ingufu 20-40% kuri buri gice.
Ku musarani umwe -, umurongo wo kurasa ubusanzwe ugwa kuri$ 5–8 kuri buri giceukurikije igiciro cya gaze yaho, ubwoko bwitanura, nigipimo cyo kwangwa. Kwangwa ni kugwiza byihishe: igipimo cya 5% cyo kurasa cyongeraho 5% kubiciro byo kurasa kuri buri kintu cyiza gisohoka mu itanura.
4. Kugenzura ubuziranenge: Umurongo wikizamini
QC ibiciro bisa nkibipapuro - 3 - 8% - ariko ni ubwishingizi buhendutse muri cote. Uruganda rukomeye rukora ibice bine bya cheque:
- Kwipimisha ibikoresho byinjira (plastike yibumba, glaze slurry density, kwanduza).
- Igenzura rya Greenware mbere yo kurasa (gucamo, urupapuro, uburebure bwurukuta).
- Ikizamini cyaka - igeragezwa: kwinjiza amazi kuri ISO 10545-3, uburebure bwa glaze, inenge ya glaze, hamwe nugupima imitwaro.
- Mbere - ibicuruzwa byoherejwe ku makarito yuzuye, harimo no kwigana inzira.
Ibisobanuro muganira bigena igiciro cya QC. Kugerageza kwinjiza amazi munsi ya cyangwa angana na 0.5% nibisanzwe; gufata munsi cyangwa ihwanye na 0.2% no kwemeza buri cyiciro kongeramo igihe cya laboratoire kandi kizamura umurongo. Iwacukugenzura ubuziranenge no kugerageza protocole yububiko bwisuku ceramicurutonde rwibizamini nyabyo byo gusaba na format ya raporo yo gusaba. Utanga isoko udashobora gutanga raporo yikizamini aragusubiramo umurongo wa QC ntabwo bakoresha.
5. Gupakira: Ikarito Irinda Ibicuruzwa
Ceramic iraremereye, iravunika, kandi itababarira muri transit. Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ibikoresho by'isuku bisobanura:
- 5-ply cyangwa 7-ply yohereza hanze ikarito hamwe nibipimo byerekana impanuka (ECT);
- Kwinjiza ifuro cyangwa kubumba EPS ifata ibikoresho kure yinkuta za karito;
- Kurinda inguni no gukenyera;
- Ibikoresho bya pallet kandi kuri - imipaka yuburemere bwa pallet yo gupakira ibintu.
Gupakira birakorwa8-12% bya FOBkuberako ibikoresho ari byinshi kandi urwego rwikarito rushyirwaho nu rugendo rwibikoresho. Iwacuibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ibikoresho byo mu isuku ceramicubuyobozi bukubiyemo amanota ya karito, gahunda ya pallet, hamwe nibizamini byo gutambuka bitandukanya ibipfunyika nibitekerezo.
Ntureke ngo uyu murongo uceceke bucece. Ikarito 7-yamanuwe kugeza kuri karito 5-ikiza uwatanze isoko$ 0.30–0.50 kuri buri gicekandi igutwara ikirego cya mbere cyangiritse. Niba ushaka kugabanya igiciro cyo gupakira, gabanya ubwinshi bwa furo cyangwa ubwoko bwa pallet - mu nyandiko - ntabwo ari urukuta rwa karito.
6. Ibicuruzwa: Ibiciro byinkomoko nigiciro cyinyanja
Ibicuruzwa bigabanyijemo ibice bibiri abaguzi bakunze kwitiranya:
- Igiciro cyinkomoko muri FOB.Ikamyo yo mu gihugu imbere kuva ku ruganda kugera ku cyambu cyo gupakira, gufata ibyambu, hamwe no kugabana kontineri biri imbere mu giciro cya FOB. Ubusanzwe$ 1.20-22.00 kuri buri giceku ruganda muri kilometero 200 uvuye ku cyambu.
- Ibicuruzwa byo mu nyanja n'ibiciro byerekeza.Aba bicaye hanze ya FOB - imizigo yo mu nyanja, ubwishingizi bwo mu nyanja, aho berekeza, hamwe namakamyo yimbere mu bubiko bwawe. Kuri kontineri ya 40ft ya HC ifite ubwiherero 240 -, ubwikorezi bwo mu nyanja bugenda hafi$ 15-16 kuri buri giceku gipimo cya transpacificateur.
UwitekaIncoterms iyobora abatumiza ibikoresho byisukuasobanura uburyo buri jambo rihindura ibiciro hagati yawe nuwabitanze. Kugenzura ibiciro, ikibazo gifatika ntabwo FOB vs CIF - ni ukumenya niba ibicuruzwa bitanga ibicuruzwa biva mu gihugu imbere byerekana uruganda nyirizina - kugeza - intera yicyambu. Baza ikintu cyumurongo wikamyo; uruganda rusubiramo imizigo imwe yo mu gihugu kuva mumijyi ibiri itandukanye irimo gutonda umurongo.
7. Igikoresho: Umutego wo gukuramo amata
Gutera ibishushanyo ntabwo bihendutse. Ubwiherero bumwe - bukenera ibintu byinshi - ikigega, igikombe, nibice fatizo - hamwe nuburyo bwo gukora bukora hafi$6,000–18,000ukurikije icyitegererezo n'umubare wa cavites. Inganda zigabanya iki giciro murwego rwo gutumiza no kubyerekana nkumurongo wibikoresho -.
Ibintu bibiri ugomba kugenzura muri buri jambo:
- Gahunda yo gukuramo.Ibice 1.000 $ 10,000 ibikoresho=$ 10.00 kuri buri gice . 5, 000 000=$ 2.00 kuri buri gice. Umurongo ugomba kugwa uko amajwi azamuka, kandi agomba kugwa neza.
- Imyitwarire ya reorder.Iyo icyitegererezo kimaze gukorwa, ibishushanyo birahari. Urutonde rwicyitegererezo kimwe rugomba gutwara hafi - igiciro cyibikoresho. Niba amagambo yawe asubiramo agaragaza umurongo wuzuye wibikoresho, utanga isoko akoresha ibikoresho nka margin mu kwiyoberanya.
Igikoresho ni umurongo umwe aho ingano yububiko itumiza rwose igiciro - guhuza ingano yawe yumwaka muri SKU nkeya kandi umurongo wibikoresho uragabanuka nta biganiro na bimwe byaganiriweho.
8. Abatanga isoko: Aho imishyikirano iba
Ibisanzwe bitanga isoko kubikoresho by'isuku FOB ni10–20%. Ingano ingano yemewe - ikubiyemo kugurisha hejuru, ibyago bya garanti, inkunga, ninyungu. Ikibazo ntabwo ari margin; byihishe margin:
- Gusimbuza ibikoresho byishyuwe ku giciro cyuzuye (glaze kumanura, kumanura amakarito).
- Igikoresho cyishyuwe inshuro ebyiri muburyo bubiri bwa moderi imwe.
- Imizigo yo mu gihugu yavuzwe haruguru igiciro cyamakamyo.
- Wange - igipimo cyigiciro cyagenwe muri cote kuri 8% mugihe uruganda nyirizina rwo kwanga kurasa ari 3%.
Amagambo kuri $ 28 FOB hamwe numurongo winyangamugayo birashobora kuba byiza kuruta amagambo 30 $ hamwe nimirongo itatu yuzuye. Ntushobora kumenya uwo ufite kugeza igihe usabye gusenyuka.
9.
Imbonerahamwe ikurikira ni anurugero igiciro cyikitegererezo, ntabwo ari amagambo yavuye muruganda runaka. Nurugero rwakorewe kubwiherero bumwe - igice cyubwiherero bwa vitamine china, FOB icyambu cyamajyepfo yUbushinwa, cyubatswe muburyo bwibiciro byasobanuwe haruguru. Koresha nk'ishusho yerekana {{3} numbers imibare yawe nyayo izatandukana na spes, ibiciro bya gaze, nubunini bwa ordre.
Ibisobanuro byafashwe muri uru rugero:umubiri urasaImpamyabumenyi 1280mu itanura rya tunnel, kwinjiza amaziNtibiri munsi cyangwa bingana na 0.5%(ISO 10545-3), uburebure bwa glaze0.8–1.0mm, 5-ply yohereza hanze ikarito hamwe na EPS yashyizwemo, ibice 240 kuri 40ft HC, gutumiza ingano 1.500.
| Ikintu Umurongo | Kuri buri gice | Umugabane wa FOB | Icyitonderwa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ibikoresho bibisi (kunyerera kumubiri, glaze, inyongera) | $9.50 | 29% | Kaolin, feldspar, quartz, ibice bya glaze |
| Ingufu zo kurasa (itanura ya tunnel, dogere 1280) | $6.50 | 20% | Gazi, itanura ryibikoresho byo kugabana, kwanga amafaranga |
| Umurimo utaziguye & hejuru | $4.80 | 15% | Gutera, gusiga, kurangiza, guterana (gukwirakwira kumirongo) |
| Kugenzura ubuziranenge & kugerageza | $1.70 | 5% | Kwinjiza amazi, ubunini bwa glaze, ikizamini cyo guta, pre - icyitegererezo cyoherejwe |
| Kohereza ibicuruzwa | $3.30 | 10% | 5-ply ikarito, gushiramo EPS, kurinda inguni, kugabana pallet |
| Imbere mu gihugu ku cyambu | $1.60 | 5% | Umugabane wamakamyo kuri buri gice (FOB ishingiro) |
| Igikoresho cyo gukuramo | $1.10 | 3% | Ibishushanyo byagabanijwe hejuru ya 1.500 |
| Igiciro cya Subtotal | $28.50 | 87% | - |
| Amafaranga yatanzwe | $4.30 | 13% | 15% ku giciro |
| Igiciro cya FOB (urugero) | $32.80 | 100% | URUGERO - ntabwo ari uruganda |
Soma urugero uburyo umushyitsi agomba: igiciro cyibicuruzwa ni$28.50, yo kurasa nibikoresho fatizo aribyo$ 16.00 - 56% by'igiciro cya FOB. Intego iyo ari yo yose yo kuzigama hejuru y’amadolari make kuri buri gice igomba kuva muri spec (uburebure bwa glaze, intego yo kwinjiza, igipimo cyo gupakira) cyangwa kuva mubunini (ibikoresho byo gukuramo amortisation, imizigo ihuriweho), kubera ko ibikoresho nimbaraga bitimuka.
FOB:$ 32.80 / ubumweIbicuruzwa byo mu nyanja~$15.80+ Ubwishingizi, THC, amakamyo~$6.30
Yamanutse Los Angeles: ≈ $ 55 / ubumwe
Ibicuruzwa byose hejuru ya FOB ≈ 67% - muribyo bitanga isoko ni amanota 13 gusa. Ibyinshi mubyo wishyura nyuma ya FOB ni logistique, ntabwo inyungu yabatanga.
10. Intego - Urwego rwo kuganira
Ibiganiro bikora muburyo bunyuranye uhereye kubitekerezo. Utanga isoko yubaka kubiciro; ugomba kubaka uhereye kubiguzi byawe bigenewe.
Intambwe 1 - Shiraho igisenge cya FOB
Tangirira ku giciro cyawe cyo kugurisha cyangwa ingengo yimishinga. Gukuramo ibiciro byoherejwe: ibicuruzwa byo mu nyanja kuri buri gice, ubwishingizi, aho bigana THC, amakamyo yo mu gihugu imbere, imisoro, n'amafaranga ya gasutamo. Igisigaye nigiciro kinini cya FOB ituma umushinga ukora.
Intambwe 2 - Saba umurongo - gusenyuka
Baza kuri: urupapuro rwerekana ibintu, ibipimo byo kurasa (ubwoko bw'itanura, ubushyuhe, koga), raporo y'ibizamini bya QC, amakarito na pallet, hamwe na cote yo mu gihugu imbere. Utanga ibicuruzwa yanze gusenya amagambo ubusanzwe aba ahishe intera imwe mumurongo woroshye - imizigo, ibikoresho, cyangwa QC.
Intambwe 3 - Komeza icyerekezo mbere yigiciro
Banza uganire ku rupapuro rwabigenewe: intego yo kwinjiza amazi, uburebure bwa glaze, igipimo cyo gupakira, hamwe n'ibizamini. Buri kintu cyose ukosora kigabanya urutonde rwibiciro uwabitanze arashobora kuvugisha ukuri. Gereranya amagambo gusa kumpapuro zisa.
Intambwe 4 - Koresha ingano aho ibiciro byagenwe biri
Ibikoresho bya amortisation hamwe nikoreshwa rya kontineri bisubiza muburyo bunini. Guhuriza hamwe SKUs, kwagura ingano, cyangwa kwiyemeza gusubiramo amabwiriza yuburyo bumwe - umurongo wibikoresho urasenyuka kandi imizigo kuri buri gice igabanuka hamwe nibikoresho byuzuye.
Intambwe 5 - Gereranya amagambo atatu kuri gride imwe
Urupapuro rumwe, Incoterm imwe, icyambu kimwe, ingano imwe. Umurongo - na - itandukaniro ryumurongo urenze ± 8% kubikoresho fatizo cyangwa kurasa bivuze ko spes zitandukanye, ntabwo margin - kugenzura mbere yuko uhindura abaguzi.
Ibiganiro Byingaruka n'ingaruka zabyo
| Lever | Ihinduka | Ingaruka zisanzwe |
|---|---|---|
| Emera kwinjiza 0.5% aho kuba 0.2% | Ibikoresho bito + Imirongo ya QC | - $ 0.40–0.90 kuri buri gice |
| Uburebure bwa glaze 1.0mm → 0.8mm | Ibikoresho bibisi (glaze) | - $ 0.30–0.60 kuri buri gice |
| Carton 7-ply → 5-ply (mu nyandiko) | Gupakira | - $ 0.20–0.40 kuri buri gice |
| Tumiza ingano 500 → 2000 | Igikoresho cyo gukuramo | - $ 0.80–1.20 kuri buri gice |
| Urutonde rwicyitegererezo kiriho | Umurongo wigikoresho → hafi ya zeru | - $ 1.00–1.50 kuri buri gice |
| Ibicuruzwa bitangwa imbere mu gihugu byagenzuwe | Umurongo w'imizigo | - $ 0.30–0.80 kuri buri gice |
Ibendera ritukura muri buri jambo
- FOB iri munsi ya $ 20kubwuzuye - ingano imwe - umusarani wigice: icyerekezo kiroroshye kuruta uko gisa.
- "Nta giciro cyo gukoresha ibikoresho"ku kirango - icyitegererezo gishya: ibishushanyo bishyinguwe muyindi murongo.
- Raporo yikizamini cya QC ntishobora kubonekakubisabwa: umurongo wa QC ntabwo ukoreshwa.
- Umurongo umwe wo gutwara ibintuku nganda mu mijyi itandukanye: imizigo ya padi.
Umurongo w'urufatiro
Ibikoresho by'isuku byavuzwe ni ibigo birindwi byigiciro, kandi bibiri gusa muri byo - ibikoresho fatizo no kurasa - ni amagorofa akomeye nta mishyikirano igenda. Ibisigaye ni imirongo aho ibyemezo byihariye, ingano, hamwe na disipuline itanga uburyo bwo kuzigama nyabyo. Wubake intego yawe FOB uhereye kubiciro byawe byasubijwe inyuma, saba umurongo - gusenyuka, ukosore ibisobanuro mbere yigiciro, hanyuma urebe raporo ya QC mbere yo kubitsa. Amagambo ushobora kubora ni amagambo ushobora kuganira.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Nibihe bintu nyamukuru bigize ibiciro biri mu bikoresho by’isuku?
Ibigo birindwi byigiciro:ibikoresho fatizo (25-35%), kurasa ingufu (15-25%), kugenzura ubuziranenge (3-8%), gupakira ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga (8-12%), imizigo yo mu gihugu imbere (3-8%), gukoresha amortisation (2-8%), hamwe n’abatanga ibicuruzwa (8-20%). Umurimo utaziguye nu ruganda hejuru ni ikiguzi nyacyo ariko mubisanzwe bikwirakwizwa mumuriro, ibikoresho fatizo, na QC.
Kuki ubushyuhe bwo kurasa bufite akamaro kubiciro?
Vitreous china imibiri irashya kuriImpamyabumenyi 1260–1300, mubisanzwe dogere 1280 hamwe niminota 45-90 winjiza mumatara ya tunnel. Kurasa niwo wa kabiri - umurongo munini wigiciro (15-25% bya FOB) kuko ingufu zihenze kandi itanura rikomeza. Munsi ya dogere 1200 urabona kimwe cya kabiri - umubiri wa vitreous hamwe na 1-3% yo kwinjiza amazi - bihendutse kumuriro, byihuse kunanirwa. Amatanura ya tunnel afite inyungu ya - yingufu zamashyanyarazi kurenza itanura rya shitingi kuko zigarura ubushyuhe muri zone ikonje.
Ni bangahe gupakira byiyongera ku bikoresho by'isuku?
Kwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze byoherejwe mubisanzwe8-12% by'igiciro cya FOB: 5-ply cyangwa 7-ply yohereza hanze ikarito, ifuro cyangwa EPS yinjiza, kurinda inguni, hamwe na pallet umugabane. Ikarito 7-yamanuwe kugeza kuri 5-ply ikiza utanga isoko $ 0.30–0.50 kuri buri gice kandi ikohereza abaguzi ibyago byambere byangiritse kubaguzi. Impamyabumenyi yo gupakira igomba gushyirwaho mu nyandiko mbere yo kugereranya ibiciro.
Nigute nshobora kumvikana nigiciro cyibikoresho byisuku ntagabanije ubuziranenge?
Ganira mu ntambwe eshanu: (1) shiraho igisenge cya FOB ukuramo ikiguzi cyo kugana kubiguzi byawe bigenewe; . . (4) guhuza amajwi kugirango ugabanye ibikoresho byo kugabanya; .
Kuki ibikoresho byo gukuramo amortisation byishyurwa bitandukanye, kandi nabigabanya nte?
Ibishusho byo guta bihenze - imwe - igice cyumusarani wumusarani wububiko gikora hafi$6,000–18,000- bityo inganda zigabanya igiciro murwego rwo gutondekanya nkumurongo wa -. Ku bice 1.000, $ 10,000 yo gukoresha ibikoresho bingana $ 10.00 kuri buri gice; ku bice 5000 bingana na $ 2.00. Imipaka yicyitegererezo kiriho igomba gutwara hafi - igiciro cyibikoresho bya zeru kuko ibishushanyo bimaze kubaho. Baza gahunda yo gukuramo amortisation, hanyuma ufate umurongo wuzuye wibikoresho kumurongo usubiramo nka margin wiyoberanya.
📋 Kubona Ikiguzi cyo Kugabanuka Kubikurikira
Ukeneye ubufasha kubora amagambo, kugenzura ibicuruzwa, cyangwa kwitegura ibiganiro byabatanga isoko? Menyesha Yingjie Kwiyuhagira kumpapuro zihariye, raporo y'ibizamini, n'ibiciro byinshi.
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